The colon : command is a shell utility that represents a truthy value. It can be
thought of as an alias for the built-in true command. You can test it by opening a
shell script and typing a colon on the command line, like this:
:
If you then inspect the exit code by typing $? on the command line, you'll see a 0
there, which is exactly what you'd see if you had used the true command.
: ; echo $?
The output will be:
0
I find the colon command useful when running a shell script with the -x flag, which
prints out the commands being executed by the interpreter. For example, consider the
following script:
#!/bin/bash
# script.sh
echo "section 1: print the first 2 lines of the current directory"
ls -lah | head -n 2
echo "section 2: print the size of the /usr/bin directory"
du -sh /usr/bin
Running this script with bash -x script.sh will print the following lines:
+ echo 'section 1: print the first 2 lines of the current directory'
section 1: print the first 2 lines of the current directory
+ ls -lah
+ head -n 2
total 120
drwxr-xr-x 26 rednafi staff 832B Dec 23 13:35 .
+ echo 'section 2: print the size of the /usr/bin directory'
section 2: print the size of the /usr/bin directory
+ du -sh /usr/bin
76M /usr/bin
Notice that the above script prints out each command first (denoted by a preceding +
sign) and then its respective output. However, the echo "section..." commands in this
script are only used for debugging purposes, to enhance the readability of the output by
providing separation between different sections. Therefore, repeating these commands and
their outputs can be a little redundant. You can use the colon command to eliminate this
repetition, as follows:
#!/bin/bash
: "section 1: print the first 2 lines of the current directory"
ls -lah | head -n 2
: "section 2: print the size of the /usr/bin directory"
du -sh /usr/bin
Running this script with the -x flag will produce the following output:
+ : 'section 1: print the first 2 lines of the current directory'
+ ls -lah
+ head -n 2
total 120
drwxr-xr-x 26 rednafi staff 832B Dec 23 13:35 .
+ : 'section 2: print the size of the /usr/bin directory'
+ du -sh /usr/bin
76M /usr/bin
If you look closely, you'll see that the debug commands and their outputs are no longer getting repeated.